Incentive systems for wastewater treatment and reuse in irrigated agriculture in the MENA region : evidence from Jordan and Tunisia

The objective of this dissertation is to analyze the technological, regulatory, institutional, financial, and socio-cultural opportunities and constraints that influence wastewater treatment and reuse for agricultural irrigation in the MENA region. Chapter one introduces the problem, objective, scope, and approach of the research. Chapter two presents a conceptual framework for analysis and explains the typical wastewater treatment systems and the potential uses of reclaimed wastewater. A background on Jordan and Tunisia where this research was carried out and an analysis of the Jordan and Tunisian experiences in wastewater treatment are presented in chapters three and four. Chapter five analyzes and assesses the factors that promote or discourage the use of reclaimed wastewater in irrigated agriculture. Chapter six assesses the existing water pricing policies and the viability of increasing the freshwater tariffs as a tool to stimulate reclaimed wastewater. It also analyzes the impact of increased water tariffs on agricultural profitability to farmers. The willingness of farmers to pay for reclaimed wastewater is assessed in chapter seven. Chapter eight presents the conclusions drawn from the research.