How to promote the use of latrines in developing countries

Current sanitation promotion methods are not meeting the growing need for proper treatment of human waste around the world. Despite the enormous potential benefits of improved sanitation, large-scale latrine promotion around the world has been very disappointing. The percent coverage of sanitation has increased by 5% during twenty years of sanitation promotion, however the number of people lacking sanitation services remains practically the same (WHO, 2000). The acceptance of latrines varies from culture to culture and it is important to understand where the areas of potential resistance lie, so as to direct promotion efforts efficiently. Current sanitation promotion tactics need to be reevaluated in order to develop new techniques that meet with wider public appeal. Considering the reasons behind the non-adoption and the results of case studies can provide the necessary information to create a successful sanitation program.
This literature review tries to clarify the reasons behind non-adoption and presents results of case studies in sanitation promotion. The lessons learned from these studies are formulated into a strategy for a successful latrine promotion program. The strategy consists of three steps : 1) background study; 2) planning phase; and 3) project implementation. A background study of the local area identifies the key concerns to be addressed in the planning phase. During the planning phase key messages and technologies are selected, as well as the target audience. The implementation phase puts into practice the various methods of outreach, cost reduction, institutional roles, and sustainability.