Resources :: IRC

Freeman, M.C. et al., 2012. The usage of urinals in Kenyan schools. , pp.p. 226 - 239; 3 fig.; 1 tab.; 2 boxes . Available at: https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Freeman-2012-Usage.pdf.

Published on: 05/09/2012

This study focused on the usage of urinals in Kenyan schools and the potential impact of constructing urinals to improve access to school...

Freeman, M.C. et al., 2012. Assessing the impact of a school-based water treatment, hygiene and sanitation programme on pupil absence in Nyanza Province, Kenya : a cluster-rand.. , pp.p. 380 - 391; 4 fig.; 5 tab. Available at: https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Freeman-2011-Assessing.pdf.

Published on: 09/01/2012

There has been increased attention to access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) at schools in developing countries, but a dearth of empirical...

Greene, L.E. et al., 2012. Impact of a school-based hygiene promotion and sanitation intervention on pupil hand contamination in Western Kenya : a cluster randomized trial. , pp.p. 385 - 393; 3 tab.; 3 fig. Available at: https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Greene-2012-Impact.pdf.

Published on: 13/09/2012

Handwashing with soap effectively reduces exposure to diarrhea-causing pathogens. Interventions to improve hygiene and sanitation conditions in sc...

Freeman, M.C. et al.,0 School WASH and diarrheal disease : can improving school-based WASH conditions reduce diarrheal disease among students?, Nairobi, Kenya: CARE Kenya. Available at: https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/freeman-2012-school_wash.pdf.

Published on: 09/08/2012

Nearly 1.3 million children under age five die each year from diarrheal diseases due to unsafe drinking water. Although there are numerous studies...

Freeman, M.C. et al., 2012. The impact of school WASH in absenteeism : can a school-based water treatment, hygiene and sanitation program influence pupil absenteeism?, Nairobi, Kenya: CARE Kenya. Available at: https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Freeman-2012-Impact.pdf.

Published on: 31/07/2012

Those that received Water Treatment and Hygiene Promotion showed a 58% reduction in the odds of 2-week absence or an average reduction of six days...

Freeman, M.C. et al., 2012. Soil- transmitted helminths : does improving school WASH impact students’ likelihood of helminth reinfection?, Nairobi, Kenya: CARE Kenya. Available at: https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Freeman-2012-Soil-Transmitted.pdf.

Published on: 09/08/2012

It is estimated that over 2 billion individuals worldwide are infected with soil-transmitted helminths (STH) and school-age children exhibit the...

Greene, L.E. et al., 2011. Student hand contamination : can school WASH improvements have unintended consequences?, Nairobi, Kenya: CARE Kenya. Available at: https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Greene-2011-Student.pdf.

Published on: 30/07/2012

This is a one-page summary

Freeman, M.C. et al.,0 Assessing the sustainability & effectiveness of school WASH projects : a toolkit, Atlanta, GA, USA: Center for Global Safe Water at Emory University. Available at: https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Freeman-2010-Assessing.doc.

Published on: 25/01/2011

This toolkit is meant to strengthen sector-wide monitoring and evaluation of school WASH programs in order to improve programmatic effectiveness...

Baker, K.K. et al., 2017. From menarche to menopause : a population-based assessment of water, sanitation, and hygiene risk factors for reproductive tract infection symptoms over life stages in rural girls and women in India. PLOS ONE, 12(12), pp.1-20.

Published on: 15/05/2018

This study provides new evidence that WASH access and practices are associated with self-reported reproductive tract infection symptoms in rural...

Cumming, O. et al., 2019. The implications of three major new trials for the effect of water, sanitation and hygiene on childhood diarrhea and stunting : a consensus statement. , 17(173), pp.1-9 : 2 fig., 1 tab.

Published on: 13/11/2019

A comprehensive package of WASH interventions is needed that is tailored to address the local exposure landscape and enteric disease burden.

Freeman, M.C. et al., 2017. The impact of sanitation on infectious disease and nutritional status : a systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 220(6), pp.928-949 : 13 fig., 2 tab.

Published on: 30/07/2018

This review confirms positive impacts of sanitation on aspects of health, but evidence gaps remain. More research is needed that rigorously describes...

Sahoo, K.C. et al., 2015. Sanitation-related psychosocial stress : a grounded theory study of women across the life-course in Odisha, India. Social science & medicine, 139, pp.80-89.

Published on: 13/02/2016

A study on sanitation-related psychosocial stress among Indian women in Odisha finds that: Sanitation-behaviors are more expansive than urination and...

Freeman, M.C. et al., 2014. Systematic review : hygiene and health : systematic review of handwashing practices worldwide and update of health effects. Tropical medicine & international health, 19, pp.906–916.

Published on: 13/10/2016

Handwashing after contact with excreta is poorly practised globally, despite the likely positive health benefits.

Pruss-Ustun, A. et al., 2014. Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low- and middle-income settings : a retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries. Tropical medicine & international health, p.12 p. : 1 fig., 8 tab. Available at: https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/tmi12329.pdf.

Published on: 16/06/2014

This article estimates the burden of diarrhoeal diseases from exposure to inadequate water, sanitation and hand hygiene in low- and middle-income...

Saboori, S. et al.,0 Sustaining school hand washing and water treatment programmes : lessons learned and to be learned. , pp.P. 298 - 311; 4 tab. Available at: https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Saboori-2011-Sustaining.pdf.

Published on: 16/12/2011

In Nyanza Province, Kenya, a sustainability evaluation of 55 pilot primary schools 2.5 years after the implementation of the Safe Water System (SWS...